lumber
Lumber comes from the tree and is a wood that is sawed, split or prepared into boards, planks and staves and is made ready for use.
Parts of the Tree
A tree consists of three main parts. These are the crown, trunk, and roots. The crown consists of branches, twigs, and leaves. This is where the food of the plant is manufactured. The trunk is the principal source of lumber, while the roots absorb water and nutrients from the soil.
These significant characteristics are noticeable at the end of a log.
Bark. This consists of a thick outer part called cortex and a thin inner part called bast. Cortex is a good material in making cork, tannic acid, and medicines. Bast is used in weaving mats, cloth, and rope.
Cambium. This is found between the bark and the sapwood. It is the greenish, slippery and slimy layer. When it grows to maturity, it becomes either wood or bark.
Pith. This is the center of the heartwood. It is a white soft substance which is more often attacked by insects.
Heartwood. This is the inner core of a tree trunk. As the heartwood grows older, new outside layer of wood is added, and the inside part of the sapwood becomes the heartwood.
Sapwood. This is the outside part of the heartwood. The color is brighter than the heartwood. This is where the liquid called sap pass through from the root to the crown.
Annual Ring. Looking at the cut end of the log or cross section of a tree, you will see the small thick-walled cell (summer wood) appearing as thin circles and the thin-walled cell (spring wood) as wider circles or rings alternating one another. One narrow and one adjoining wide ring is equivalent to one annual ring or one year’s growth. Anyone can tell the age of a tree by counting the rings.
Importance of Trees to Man
Man depends on plants for:
1. oxygen which is necessary for breathing
2. food which contain vitamins, sugar, starches, fats, and proteins
3. clothing materials such as cotton and linen
4. lumber, paper, medicines, rubber, alcohol, turpentine and other products
Since plants and trees are very important to man, it is of great importance to conserve our forests and protect the trees against fire, decay, and destructive and wasteful methods of lumbering.
In the Philippines, because of illegal logging, enormous quantities of lumber have been wasted through negligence and carelessness. After cutting down trees, the place is left open since no reforestation has been done. These results to more wastage and destruction.
Once a tree is cut, a log is produced. The process of cutting down trees is known as felling. When the trunk is cut into the suitable length for transportation to the mills, the process is called bucking.
These significant characteristics are noticeable at the end of a log.
Bark. This consists of a thick outer part called cortex and a thin inner part called bast. Cortex is a good material in making cork, tannic acid, and medicines. Bast is used in weaving mats, cloth, and rope.
Cambium. This is found between the bark and the sapwood. It is the greenish, slippery and slimy layer. When it grows to maturity, it becomes either wood or bark.
Pith. This is the center of the heartwood. It is a white soft substance which is more often attacked by insects.
Heartwood. This is the inner core of a tree trunk. As the heartwood grows older, new outside layer of wood is added, and the inside part of the sapwood becomes the heartwood.
Sapwood. This is the outside part of the heartwood. The color is brighter than the heartwood. This is where the liquid called sap pass through from the root to the crown.
Annual Ring. Looking at the cut end of the log or cross section of a tree, you will see the small thick-walled cell (summer wood) appearing as thin circles and the thin-walled cell (spring wood) as wider circles or rings alternating one another. One narrow and one adjoining wide ring is equivalent to one annual ring or one year’s growth. Anyone can tell the age of a tree by counting the rings.
Importance of Trees to Man
Man depends on plants for:
1. oxygen which is necessary for breathing
2. food which contain vitamins, sugar, starches, fats, and proteins
3. clothing materials such as cotton and linen
4. lumber, paper, medicines, rubber, alcohol, turpentine and other products
Since plants and trees are very important to man, it is of great importance to conserve our forests and protect the trees against fire, decay, and destructive and wasteful methods of lumbering.
In the Philippines, because of illegal logging, enormous quantities of lumber have been wasted through negligence and carelessness. After cutting down trees, the place is left open since no reforestation has been done. These results to more wastage and destruction.
Once a tree is cut, a log is produced. The process of cutting down trees is known as felling. When the trunk is cut into the suitable length for transportation to the mills, the process is called bucking.
kinds of lumber
1. Soft woods are coniferous trees such as pine and firm with needle-like leaves which do not shed. They are cheaper than the hard wood. They are also lighter and easier to be painted and to work on. They are used mainly in building constructions.
2. Hard woods come from deciduous trees such as kamagong, narra, ipil, molave, akle, dao, and yakal. These trees bear broad leaves which shed annually. It is harder to work on hardwood than soft wood, but joints can be cut with greater precision. Hard woods are used for making furniture.
2. Hard woods come from deciduous trees such as kamagong, narra, ipil, molave, akle, dao, and yakal. These trees bear broad leaves which shed annually. It is harder to work on hardwood than soft wood, but joints can be cut with greater precision. Hard woods are used for making furniture.
Classification of Philippine Woods
For commercial purposes, Philippine woods are classified into first, second, third and fourth groups.
Classification of Philippine Woods according to forest charges as stated on Revenue Regulation No. 3, s. 1972 dated April 17, 1972.
First Group
1. Afu 40. lumbayao
2. Almaciga 41. lijinai
3. Almon 42. Lumbayao Bato
4. Amugis 43. Magasusu
5. Apitong 44. Malaanonang
6. Akle 45. Makaasim
7. Ananga 46. Malabunga
8. Bagtikan 47. Malaguijo
9. Bakan 48. Malakadios
10. Balu 49. Malakawayan
11. Banaba 50. Maluwai
12. Bansalagin 51. Manggachapui
13. Batikulin 52. Nato
14. Batitinan 53. Palosapis
15. Betis 54. Manggasinoro
16. Betenghol 55. Maranggo
17. Bitaog 56. Margapali
18. Bulong Eta 57. Matang Araw
19. Gana-fistola 58. Mayapis
20. Dagang 59. Mahogany
21. Dangula o Sasalit 60. Molave
22. Dao 61. Narak
23. Dungon 62. Narig
24. Dungon Late 63. Narra
25. Duyok-duyok 64. Pagatpat
26. Ebony 65. Pahutan
27. Gisok 66. Piagau
28. Gisok-gisok 67. Pine, Benguet
29. Guijo 68. Red Lauan
30. Igem 69. White Lauan
31. Ipil 70. Saplungan
32. Kaburo 71. Sudiang
33. Kalantas 72. Supa
34. Kalamansi 73. Tabau
35. Kaliot 74. Tabigi
36. Kamagong 75. Tindalo
37. Kamuning 76. Teak
38. Kulilisan 77. Urung
39. Liusin 78. Yakal
Second Group
1. Agoho 24. Manggis
2. Agoho del Monte 25. Mangkas
3. Alupag 26. Mapilig
4. Alupag Amo 27. Palomaria del Monte
5. Anubing 28. Marag
6. Bagras (Amamanit) 29. Pamitaogen
7. Balete 30. Panau
8. Batino 31. Pili
9. Bayok 32. Philippine Chestnut
10. Binggas 33. Rain Tree (Acacia)
11. Bitanghol 34. Sangilo
12. Dita 35. Taba
13. Kamatog 36. Tamayuan
14. Katmon 37. Tangile
15. Katmon Kalabaw 38. Tanglin
16. Kayu-galu 39. Tiga
17. Kubi 40. Tukang Kalaw
18. Hagakhak 41. Lanipau
19. Lanio 42. Loktob
20. Lanutan 43. Toog
21. Malabatino
22. Malabayabas
23. Malakatmon
Third Group
1. Amayan
2. Anislag
3. Antipolo
4. Api-api
5. Bakawan
6. Balakat
7. Balikbikan
8. Balobo
9. Bangkal
10. Batukanag
11. Biyanti
12. Binurang
13. Bogo
14. Bolon
15. Bulala
16. Bulog
17. Basaing
18. Baras
19. Bugas
20. Kautuan Bangkal
21. Kalingag
22. Kalumpit
23. Kansulud
24. Kato
25. Kayataw
26. Lulling Manok
27. Dalinsi
28. Gisihan
29. Gubas
30. Lago
31. Lamog
32. Lanipau
33. Malakamias
34. Langarsi
35. Mambingan
36. Malapapaya
37. Malasaging
38. Malacoan Sau
39. Malaanonang
40. Malasantol
41. Malatumbaga
42. Matamata
43. Miao
44. Nangka
45. Pototan
46. Sakat
47. Salakin
48. Salingkugi
49. Sandit
50. Santol
51. Tanghas
52. Talisay
53. Talisay gubat
54. Taluto
55. Tinsang Pintasi
56. Tusi
57. Unik
Fourth Group
The fourth group shall include all species not included in any of the three groups.
It should be noted that the classification of Philippines woods according to strength does not change. In other words, trees like apitong, red lauan, mayapis, and bagtikan remain in the second group.
Classification of Philippine Woods according to forest charges as stated on Revenue Regulation No. 3, s. 1972 dated April 17, 1972.
First Group
1. Afu 40. lumbayao
2. Almaciga 41. lijinai
3. Almon 42. Lumbayao Bato
4. Amugis 43. Magasusu
5. Apitong 44. Malaanonang
6. Akle 45. Makaasim
7. Ananga 46. Malabunga
8. Bagtikan 47. Malaguijo
9. Bakan 48. Malakadios
10. Balu 49. Malakawayan
11. Banaba 50. Maluwai
12. Bansalagin 51. Manggachapui
13. Batikulin 52. Nato
14. Batitinan 53. Palosapis
15. Betis 54. Manggasinoro
16. Betenghol 55. Maranggo
17. Bitaog 56. Margapali
18. Bulong Eta 57. Matang Araw
19. Gana-fistola 58. Mayapis
20. Dagang 59. Mahogany
21. Dangula o Sasalit 60. Molave
22. Dao 61. Narak
23. Dungon 62. Narig
24. Dungon Late 63. Narra
25. Duyok-duyok 64. Pagatpat
26. Ebony 65. Pahutan
27. Gisok 66. Piagau
28. Gisok-gisok 67. Pine, Benguet
29. Guijo 68. Red Lauan
30. Igem 69. White Lauan
31. Ipil 70. Saplungan
32. Kaburo 71. Sudiang
33. Kalantas 72. Supa
34. Kalamansi 73. Tabau
35. Kaliot 74. Tabigi
36. Kamagong 75. Tindalo
37. Kamuning 76. Teak
38. Kulilisan 77. Urung
39. Liusin 78. Yakal
Second Group
1. Agoho 24. Manggis
2. Agoho del Monte 25. Mangkas
3. Alupag 26. Mapilig
4. Alupag Amo 27. Palomaria del Monte
5. Anubing 28. Marag
6. Bagras (Amamanit) 29. Pamitaogen
7. Balete 30. Panau
8. Batino 31. Pili
9. Bayok 32. Philippine Chestnut
10. Binggas 33. Rain Tree (Acacia)
11. Bitanghol 34. Sangilo
12. Dita 35. Taba
13. Kamatog 36. Tamayuan
14. Katmon 37. Tangile
15. Katmon Kalabaw 38. Tanglin
16. Kayu-galu 39. Tiga
17. Kubi 40. Tukang Kalaw
18. Hagakhak 41. Lanipau
19. Lanio 42. Loktob
20. Lanutan 43. Toog
21. Malabatino
22. Malabayabas
23. Malakatmon
Third Group
1. Amayan
2. Anislag
3. Antipolo
4. Api-api
5. Bakawan
6. Balakat
7. Balikbikan
8. Balobo
9. Bangkal
10. Batukanag
11. Biyanti
12. Binurang
13. Bogo
14. Bolon
15. Bulala
16. Bulog
17. Basaing
18. Baras
19. Bugas
20. Kautuan Bangkal
21. Kalingag
22. Kalumpit
23. Kansulud
24. Kato
25. Kayataw
26. Lulling Manok
27. Dalinsi
28. Gisihan
29. Gubas
30. Lago
31. Lamog
32. Lanipau
33. Malakamias
34. Langarsi
35. Mambingan
36. Malapapaya
37. Malasaging
38. Malacoan Sau
39. Malaanonang
40. Malasantol
41. Malatumbaga
42. Matamata
43. Miao
44. Nangka
45. Pototan
46. Sakat
47. Salakin
48. Salingkugi
49. Sandit
50. Santol
51. Tanghas
52. Talisay
53. Talisay gubat
54. Taluto
55. Tinsang Pintasi
56. Tusi
57. Unik
Fourth Group
The fourth group shall include all species not included in any of the three groups.
It should be noted that the classification of Philippines woods according to strength does not change. In other words, trees like apitong, red lauan, mayapis, and bagtikan remain in the second group.
PLYWOOD
Plywood is made by bonding together thin sheets of wood with the grains of alternate sheets running at right angles. This gives strength in both length and width. Plywood is manufactured in different sizes, thickness, and number of plies. A 3-ply plywood has three layers glued together. A 5-ply panel consists of five layers: the core at the centre, the cross boards which are posted on the face and back of the core, and the faces which are glued on the outside veneers.
Plywood is used where large panel or flat surface is required like in partitions, ceilings, and panels. It is also used in making boxes, cabinets, concrete forms, crates, flash door, signboards, etc. For better parts, use marine plywood.
Plywood is used where large panel or flat surface is required like in partitions, ceilings, and panels. It is also used in making boxes, cabinets, concrete forms, crates, flash door, signboards, etc. For better parts, use marine plywood.